SiMDA»Main

Summary for : (1) Ceres

Dyn	T.T	T.B	T T.L B	T.D	Density (g/cm^3)	Δρ/ρ	Diameter (km)	ΔD/D	Mass (kg)	ΔM/M	Ref	Avg.M
MBA	G	C	C \| C	C	2.17 ± 0.11 (A)	5 %	938.6 ± 15.8	1.7 %	9.41e+20 ± 7.57e+18	1 %	S	EVM
MBA	G	C	C \| C	C	2.16 ± 0.37 (A)	17 %	939.4 ± 47.3	5.0 %	9.38e+20 ± 7.74e+19	8 %	S	w.avg
MBA	C				2.13 ± 0.15 (A)	7 %	944.8 ± 23.0	2.4 %	9.44e+20 ± 6.00e+18	1 %	C	?

Average asteroid densities (g/cm^3):
C = 1.3 ± 0.6, B = 2.4 ± 0.5, S = 2.7 ± 0.5, M = 3.5 ± 1.0, P = 2.8 ± 1.6, X = 1.9 ± 0.8, Xc = 4.9 ± 0.9, Xk = 4.2 ± 0.7 (Ref)

Object is a Gaia target for mass determination !

Additional resources:

3D Model | JPL New Horizons | Minor Planet Center | Wikipedia (these auto-generated links might not work)

Note: The density estimates have been ranked from (A) to (E), corresponding to the relative error: (B) less than 20%, (C) between 20 and 50%, (D) between 50 and 100%, and (E) more than 100%. (A) stands for (presumably) reliable estimates (accuracy better than 20%), based on more than 5 mass estimates and 5 diameter estimates, or a spacecraft encounter. Apparently unrealistic densities (ρ > 8) are tagged with (X).

EVM: average by using the Expected Value Method (Ref). w.avg: weighted average (with w = 1/err^2).

T.T: Tholen Tax Class. T.B: Bus & Binzel Tax Class. T T.L: S3OS2 Lazarro (Tholen) Tax Class. T.L B: S3OS2 Lazarro (Bus & Binzel) Tax Class. T.D: DeMeo Tax Class.

Ref: S = SiMDA, C = Carry (2012)

Diameter estimates

Designation	Diameter / Err (km)	ΔD/D	Method	Year	Ref	N	χ²	Use
(1) Ceres	848.40 ± 19.70	2.3 %	STM	2004	D93	12	20.95	1
(1) Ceres	952.40 ± 3.40	0.4 %	Img-TE	2005	D22	2	16.55	2
(1) Ceres	935.20 ± 4.40	0.5 %	Img-TE	2008	D41	2	0.59	3
(1) Ceres	950.79 ± 7.69	0.8 %	Img-TE	2008	D48	2	2.53	4
(1) Ceres	855.46 ± 56.96	6.7 %	STM	2010	D64	2	2.13	5
(1) Ceres	886.48 ± 27.30	3.1 %	NEATM	2010	D64	2	3.64	6
(1) Ceres	973.89 ± 13.31	1.4 %	STM	2011	D83	2	7.04	7
(1) Ceres	939.40 ± 0.20	0.0 %	FlyBy	2016	D107		17.21	8

plot, average diameter and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).

FlyBy : Images from spacecraft encounter. Img-TE : Triaxial ellipsoid model from images. NEATM : Near-Earth Asteroid Thermal Model. STM : Standard Thermal Model.

EVM diam. average D = (938.6 ± 15.84) km (ΔD/D = 2%, SNR = 59.24) Derived bulk density ρ = (2.17 ± 0.11) g/cm³ (Δρ/ρ = 5%, SNR = 19.5)

References

D22	(2005):	Thomas, P.C., Parker, J.W., McFadden, L.A., Russell, C.T., Stern, S.A., Sykes, M.V., Young, E.F., 2005. Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape. Nature 437, 224–226.
D41	(2008):	Carry, B., Dumas, C., Fulchignoni, M., Merline, W.J., Berthier, J., Hestroffer, D., Fusco, T., Tamblyn, P., 2008. Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of the Dwarf-Planet Ceres. Astronomy and Astrophysics 478, 235–244.
D48	(2008):	Drummond, J.D., Christou, J.C., 2008. Triaxial ellipsoid dimensions and rotational poles of seven asteroids from Lick Observatory adaptive optics images, and of Ceres. Icarus 197, 480–496.
D64	(2010):	Ryan, E.L., Woodward, C.E., 2010. Rectified Asteroid Albedos and Diameters from IRAS and MSX Photometry Catalogs. Astronomical Journal 140, 933–943.
D83	(2011):	Usui, F., Kuroda, D., Müller, T.G., Hasegawa, S., Ishiguro, M., Ootsubo, T., Ishihara, D., Kataza, H., Takita, S., Oyabu, S., Ueno, M., Matsuhara, H., Onaka, T., 2011. Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63, 1117–1138.
D93	(2004):	Tedesco, E.F., Noah, P.V., Noah, M.C., Price, S.D., 2004. IRAS Minor Planet Survey. NASA Planetary Data System. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0.
D107	(2016):	Park, R., Konopliv, A., Bills, B. et al. A partially differentiated interior for (1) Ceres deduced from its gravity field and shape. Nature 537, 515–517 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18955

Mass estimates

Designation	Mass / Err (kg)	ΔM/M	Method	Year	Ref	N	χ²	Use
(1) Ceres	1.33e+21 ± 8.00e+19	6 %	Deflec	1971	M110	2	23.67	1
(1) Ceres	1.19e+21 ± 1.40e+20	12 %	Deflec	1971	M111	2	3.17	2
(1) Ceres	1.17e+21 ± 6.00e+19	5 %	Deflec	1974	M112	2	14.59	3
(1) Ceres	1.04e+21 ± 6.00e+19	6 %	Deflec	1988	M115	2	2.73	4
(1) Ceres	9.94e+20 ± 4.00e+19	4 %	FlyBy	1989	M116	2	1.77	5
(1) Ceres	9.35e+20 ± 6.00e+19	6 %	Deflec	1991	M117	2	0.01	6
(1) Ceres	9.55e+20 ± 4.38e+19	5 %	Deflec	1992	M1	2	0.10	7
(1) Ceres	9.54e+20 ± 1.69e+19	2 %	Deflec	1992	M2	2	0.61	8
(1) Ceres	9.94e+20 ± 3.98e+19	4 %	Deflec	1995	M5	12	1.79	9
(1) Ceres	9.19e+20 ± 1.41e+19	2 %	Deflec	1995	M6	2	2.40	10
(1) Ceres	9.29e+20 ± 1.79e+19	2 %	Deflec	1996	M7	2	0.44	11
(1) Ceres	8.27e+20 ± 3.78e+19	5 %	Deflec	1996	M8	12	9.07	12
(1) Ceres	9.52e+20 ± 7.76e+18	1 %	Deflec	1997	M11	2	2.07	13
(1) Ceres	9.47e+20 ± 4.57e+18	0 %	Deflec	1998	M15	2	1.83	14
(1) Ceres	8.73e+20 ± 7.96e+18	1 %	Deflec	1999	M17	12	72.60	15
(1) Ceres	9.35e+20 ± 7.96e+18	1 %	Deflec	2000	M21	2	0.54	16
(1) Ceres	9.35e+20 ± 5.97e+19	6 %	Deflec	2001	M23	2	0.01	17
(1) Ceres	9.47e+20 ± 2.98e+18	0 %	Deflec	2001	M29	2	4.30	18
(1) Ceres	9.57e+20 ± 1.99e+18	0 %	Deflec	2001	M25	2	66.09	19
(1) Ceres	9.45e+20 ± 3.98e+18	0 %	Deflec	2004	M39	2	1.10	20
(1) Ceres	9.45e+20 ± 1.39e+18	0 %	Deflec	2005	M49	2	9.03	21
(1) Ceres	9.35e+20 ± 5.57e+18	1 %	Deflec	2006	M56	2	1.09	22
(1) Ceres	9.42e+20 ± 5.17e+18	1 %	Deflec	2007	M63	2	0.05	23
(1) Ceres	9.46e+20 ± 1.59e+18	0 %	Deflec	2008	M72	2	10.60	24
(1) Ceres	9.46e+20 ± 7.96e+17	0 %	Ephem	2008	M70	2	42.31	25
(1) Ceres	9.32e+20 ± 9.32e+19	10 %	Ephem	2009	M86	2	0.01	26
(1) Ceres	9.46e+20 ± 5.67e+18	1 %	Ephem	2010	M93	2	0.83	27
(1) Ceres	9.46e+20 ± 1.43e+18	0 %	Deflec	2011	M95	2	13.11	28
(1) Ceres	9.31e+20 ± 6.46e+18	1 %	Ephem	2011	M103	2	2.31	29
(1) Ceres	9.44e+20 ± 5.97e+17	0 %	OrbFitN	2014	M123	2	30.14	30
(1) Ceres	9.38e+20 ± 1.30e+16	0 %	FlyBy	2016	M132		34263.10	31
(1) Ceres	9.40e+20 ± 2.92e+18	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.01	32
(1) Ceres	9.37e+20 ± 3.04e+18	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.93	33
(1) Ceres	9.31e+20 ± 3.16e+18	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	10.46	34
(1) Ceres	9.33e+20 ± 3.26e+18	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	6.36	35
(1) Ceres	9.46e+20 ± 3.64e+18	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	2.43	36
(1) Ceres	9.46e+20 ± 3.68e+18	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	2.38	37
(1) Ceres	9.40e+20 ± 5.47e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.00	38
(1) Ceres	8.97e+20 ± 5.33e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	68.22	39
(1) Ceres	9.31e+20 ± 5.69e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	3.23	40
(1) Ceres	9.42e+20 ± 6.62e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.06	41
(1) Ceres	9.42e+20 ± 6.86e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.06	42
(1) Ceres	9.40e+20 ± 7.10e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.00	43
(1) Ceres	9.42e+20 ± 7.20e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.05	44
(1) Ceres	9.50e+20 ± 9.11e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.13	45
(1) Ceres	9.46e+20 ± 9.43e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.36	46
(1) Ceres	9.50e+20 ± 1.62e+19	2 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.36	47
(1) Ceres	9.38e+20 ± 1.32e+18	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	3	3.95	48
(1) Ceres	9.38e+20 ± 2.29e+18	0 %	Ephem	2019	M126	2	1.12	49

plot, average mass and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).
3: This estimate is an average of individual solutions listed before under the same reference (e.g. M125).

Deflec : Orbital deflection (close encounter) of one or several test asteroids (classical LSQ). Ephem : Planetary ephemeris solution. FlyBy : Spacecraft radio experiment (ranging etc. from flyby, orbiter or lander). OrbFitN : Simultaneous multi-asteroid astrometric orbit solution (similar to 'Ephem').

EVM mass average M = (9.408 ± 0.076) × 10²⁰ kg (ΔM/M = 1%, SNR = 124.2) Derived bulk density ρ = (2.17 ± 0.11) g/cm³ (Δρ/ρ = 5%, SNR = 19.5)

References

M1	(1992):	Williams, G.V., 1992. The mass of (1) Ceres from perturbations on (348) May, in: Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1991, pp. 641–643
M2	(1992):	Sitarski, G., Todorovic-Juchniewicz, B., 1992. Determination of the mass of (1) Ceres from perturbations on (203) Pompeja and (348) May. Acta Astronomica 42, 139–144.
M5	(1995):	Viateau, B., Rapaport, M., 1995. The orbit of (2) Pallas. Astronomy and Astrophysics 111, 305–+.
M6	(1995):	Sitarski, G., Todorovic-Juchniewicz, B., 1995. Determination of Masses of Ceres and Vesta from Their Perturbations on Four Asteroids. Acta Astronomica 45, 673–677.
M7	(1996):	Carpino, M., Knezevic, Z., 1996. Asteroid mass determination: (1) Ceres, in: S. Ferraz-Mello, B. Morando, & J.-E. Arlot (Ed.), Dynamics, Ephemerides, and Astrometry of the Solar System, pp. 203–+.
M8	(1996):	Kuzmanoski, M., 1996. A method for asteroid mass determination, in: S. Ferraz-Mello, B. Morando, & J.-E. Arlot (Ed.), Dynamics, Ephemerides, and Astrometry of the Solar System, pp. 207–+.
M11	(1997):	Viateau, B., Rapaport, M., 1997. Improvement of the Orbits of Asteroids and the Mass of (1) Ceres, in: R. M. Bonnet, E. Høg, P. L. Bernacca, L. Emiliani, A. Blaauw, C. Turon, J. Kovalevsky, L. Lindegren, H. Hassan, M. Bouffard, B. Strim, D. Heger, M. A. C. Perryman, & L. Woltjer (Ed.), Hipparcos - Venice '97, pp. 91–94.
M15	(1998):	Viateau, B., Rapaport, M., 1998. The mass of (1) Ceres from its gravitational perturbations on the orbits of 9 asteroids. Astronomy and Astrophysics 334, 729–735.
M17	(1999):	Hilton, J.L., 1999. US Naval Observatory Ephemerides of the Largest Asteroids. Astronomical Journal 117, 1077–1086.
M21	(2000):	Michalak, G., 2000. Determination of asteroid masses — I. (1) Ceres, (2) Pallas and (4) Vesta. Astronomy and Astrophysics 360, 363–374.
M23	(2001):	Goffin, E., 2001. New determination of the mass of Pallas. Astronomy and Astrophysics 365, 627–630.
M25	(2001):	Pitjeva, E.V., 2001. Progress in the determination of some astronomical constants from radiometric observations of planets and spacecraft. Astronomy and Astrophysics 371, 760–765.
M29	(2001):	Standish, E.M., 2001. Suggested GM values for Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta. Technical Report. JPL Interoffice Memorandum.
M39	(2004):	Pitjeva, E.V., 2004. Estimations of masses of the largest asteroids and the main asteroid belt from ranging to planets, Mars orbiters and landers, in: J.-P. Paillé (Ed.), 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, p. 2014.
M49	(2005):	Pitjeva, E.V., 2005. High-Precision Ephemerides of Planets - EPM and Determination of Some Astronomical Constants. Solar System Research 39, 176–186.
M56	(2006):	Konopliv, A.S., Yoder, C.F., Standish, E.M., Yuan, D.N., Sjogren, W.L., 2006. A global solution for the Mars static and seasonal gravity, Mars orientation, Phobos and Deimos masses, and Mars ephemeris. Icarus 182, 23–50.
M63	(2007):	Kovačević, A., Kuzmanoski, M., 2007. A New Determination of the Mass of (1) Ceres. Earth Moon and Planets 100, 117–123.
M70	(2008):	Fienga, A., Manche, H., Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., 2008. INPOP06: a new numerical planetary ephemeris. Astronomy and Astrophysics 477, 315–327.
M72	(2008):	Baer, J., Milani, A., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2008. An Observational Error Model, and Application to Asteroid Mass Determination, in: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, p. 493.
M86	(2009):	Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., 2009. The planetary and lunar ephemeris de 421. IPN Progress Report 42, 1–34.
M93	(2010):	Fienga, A., Manche, H., Kuchynka, P., Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., 2010. INPOP10a. Scientific Notes.
M95	(2011):	Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2011. Astrometric Masses of 26 Asteroids and Observations on Asteroid Porosity. Astronomical Journal 141, 143–155.
M103	(2011):	Konopliv, A.S., Asmar, S.W., Folkner, W.M., Karatekin, Ö., Nunes, D.C., Smrekar, S.E., Yoder, C.F., Zuber, M.T., 2011. Mars high resolution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical parameters. Icarus 211, 401–428.
M110	(1971):	Schubart, J., 1971. The Planetary Masses and the Orbits of the First Four Minor Planets. In: The IAU System of Astronomical Constants, Proc. IAU Colloq. 9, Heidelberg, Germany, 12-14 August 1970; B. Emerson, T. Lederle (eds.), Celest. Mech. 4, 246-249
M111	(1971):	Schubart, J., 1971. Asteroid Masses and Densities. In: Physical Studies of Minor Planets, Proc. IAU Colloq. 12, Tucson, AZ, USA, 6-10 March 1971; T. Gehrels (ed.), NASA Sp-267, p. 33-39
M112	(1974):	Schubart, J., 1974. The Masses of the First Two Asteroids. Astronomy and Astrophysics 30, 289-292.
M115	(1988):	Landgraf, W., 1988. The mass of Ceres. Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 191, no. 1, Feb. 1988, p. 161-166.
M116	(1989):	Standish, E. M., Hellings, R. W., 1989. A determination of the masses of Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta from their perturbations upon the orbit of Mars. Icarus, Volume 80, Issue 2, p. 326-333.
M117	(1991):	Goffin, E., 1991. The orbit of 203 Pompeja and the mass of Ceres. Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 249, no. 2, Sept. 1991, p. 563-568.
M123	(2014):	Goffin, E., 2014. Astrometric asteroid masses: a simultaneous determination. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 565, id.A56, 8 pp.
M125	(2017):	Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., 2017. Simultaneous Mass Determination for Gravitationally Coupled Asteroids. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 154, Issue 2, article id. 76, 11 pp.
M126	(2019):	Fienga, A., et. al, 2019. INPOP19a planetary ephemeris. Notes Scientifiques et Techniques de l'Institut de mécanique céleste,
M132	(2016):	Park, R., Konopliv, A., Bills, B. et al. A partially differentiated interior for (1) Ceres deduced from its gravity field and shape. Nature 537, 515–517 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18955

Size, Mass and Density of Asteroids (SiMDA)

Summary for : (1) Ceres

Diameter estimates

Mass estimates