SiMDA»Main

Summary for : (52) Europa

Dyn	T.T	T.B	T T.L B	T.D	Density (g/cm^3)	Δρ/ρ	Diameter (km)	ΔD/D	Mass (kg)	ΔM/M	Ref	Avg.M
MBA	CF	C	- \| -	C	1.59 ± 0.57 (C)	36 %	313.0 ± 16.9	5.4 %	2.55e+19 ± 8.14e+18	32 %	S	EVM
MBA	CF	C	- \| -	C	1.65 ± 0.67 (C)	41 %	309.9 ± 18.2	5.9 %	2.57e+19 ± 9.41e+18	37 %	S	w.avg
MBA	C				1.52 ± 0.39 (C)	26 %	310.2 ± 10.3	3.3 %	2.38e+19 ± 5.80e+18	24 %	C	?

Average asteroid densities (g/cm^3):
C = 1.3 ± 0.6, B = 2.4 ± 0.5, S = 2.7 ± 0.5, M = 3.5 ± 1.0, P = 2.8 ± 1.6, X = 1.9 ± 0.8, Xc = 4.9 ± 0.9, Xk = 4.2 ± 0.7 (Ref)

Object is a Gaia target for mass determination !

Additional resources:

3D Model | JPL New Horizons | Minor Planet Center | Wikipedia (these auto-generated links might not work)

Note: The density estimates have been ranked from (A) to (E), corresponding to the relative error: (B) less than 20%, (C) between 20 and 50%, (D) between 50 and 100%, and (E) more than 100%. (A) stands for (presumably) reliable estimates (accuracy better than 20%), based on more than 5 mass estimates and 5 diameter estimates, or a spacecraft encounter. Apparently unrealistic densities (ρ > 8) are tagged with (X).

EVM: average by using the Expected Value Method (Ref). w.avg: weighted average (with w = 1/err^2).

T.T: Tholen Tax Class. T.B: Bus & Binzel Tax Class. T T.L: S3OS2 Lazarro (Tholen) Tax Class. T.L B: S3OS2 Lazarro (Bus & Binzel) Tax Class. T.D: DeMeo Tax Class.

Ref: S = SiMDA, C = Carry (2012)

Diameter estimates

Designation	Diameter / Err (km)	ΔD/D	Method	Year	Ref	N	χ²	Use
(52) Europa	302.50 ± 5.40	1.8 %	STM	2004	D93		3.75	1
(52) Europa	308.00 ± 1.50	0.5 %	Img	2006	D34		10.93	2
(52) Europa	264.32 ± 6.96	2.6 %	STM	2010	D64		48.84	3
(52) Europa	340.75 ± 13.37	3.9 %	NEATM	2010	D64		4.32	4
(52) Europa	293.00 ± 30.00	10.2 %	MDM:LO	2011	D78		0.44	5
(52) Europa	350.35 ± 5.07	1.4 %	STM	2011	D83	12	54.39	6
(52) Europa	334.55 ± 20.94	6.3 %	NEATM	2011	D72		1.06	7
(52) Europa	314.00 ± 8.00	2.5 %	Img-TE	2012	D91		0.02	8
(52) Europa	312.00 ± 10.00	3.2 %	KOALA	2012	D91		0.01	9
(52) Europa	314.00 ± 5.00	1.6 %	ADAM	2017	D100		0.04	10

plot, average diameter and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).

ADAM : All-Data Asteroid Modeling. Img : Apparent size in disk-resolved imaging. Img-TE : Triaxial ellipsoid model from images. KOALA : Combined lightcurve(s) + occultation(s) + disk-resolved image(s). MDM:LO : Multi-Data Modeling: Lightcurves + Occultations. NEATM : Near-Earth Asteroid Thermal Model. STM : Standard Thermal Model.

EVM diam. average D = (313.0 ± 16.88) km (ΔD/D = 5%, SNR = 18.54) Derived bulk density ρ = (1.59 ± 0.57) g/cm³ (Δρ/ρ = 36%, SNR = 2.8)

References

D34	(2006):	Marchis, F., Kaasalainen, M., Hom, E.F.Y., Berthier, J., Enriquez, J., Hestroffer, D., Le Mignant, D., de Pater, I., 2006. Shape, size and multiplicity of main-belt asteroids. Icarus 185, 39–63.
D64	(2010):	Ryan, E.L., Woodward, C.E., 2010. Rectified Asteroid Albedos and Diameters from IRAS and MSX Photometry Catalogs. Astronomical Journal 140, 933–943.
D72	(2011):	Masiero, J.R., Mainzer, A.K., Grav, T., Bauer, J.M., Cutri, R.M., Dailey, J., Eisenhardt, P.R.M., McMillan, R.S., Spahr, T.B., Skrutskie, M.F., Tholen, D., Walker, R.G., Wright, E.L., DeBaun, E., Elsbury, D., Gautier, IV, T., Gomillion, S., Wilkins, A., 2011. Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters. Astrophysical Journal 741, 68.
D78	(2011):	Ďurech, J., Kaasalainen, M., Herald, D., Dunham, D., Timerson, B., Hanuš, J., Frappa, E., Talbot, J., Hayamizu, T., Warner, B.D., Pilcher, F., Galád, A., 2011. Combining asteroid models derived by lightcurve inversion with asteroidal occultation silhouettes. Icarus 214, 652–670.
D83	(2011):	Usui, F., Kuroda, D., Müller, T.G., Hasegawa, S., Ishiguro, M., Ootsubo, T., Ishihara, D., Kataza, H., Takita, S., Oyabu, S., Ueno, M., Matsuhara, H., Onaka, T., 2011. Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63, 1117–1138.
D91	(2012):	Merline et al. (ref. ?). See: Carry, B., 2012. Density of asteroids. Planetary and Space Science, Volume 73, Issue 1, p. 98-118.
D93	(2004):	Tedesco, E.F., Noah, P.V., Noah, M.C., Price, S.D., 2004. IRAS Minor Planet Survey. NASA Planetary Data System. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0.
D100	(2017):	Hanuš, J., Viikinkoski, M., Marchis, F., et al., 2017. Volumes and bulk densities of forty asteroids from ADAM shape modeling. Astronomy and Astrophysics 601, A114 (2017). DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629956

Mass estimates

Designation	Mass / Err (kg)	ΔM/M	Method	Year	Ref	N	χ²	Use
(52) Europa	2.15e+19 (+1.19e+18 / -1.19e+18)	6 % / 6 %	Deflec	2001	M28		11.30	1
(52) Europa	5.19e+19 (+1.75e+19 / -1.75e+19)	34 % / 34 %	Deflec	2001	M26	2	2.28	2
(52) Europa	2.55e+19 (+4.97e+18 / -4.97e+18)	19 % / 19 %	Deflec	2002	M31		0.00	3
(52) Europa	2.53e+19 (+4.97e+18 / -4.97e+18)	20 % / 20 %	Deflec	2004	M42		0.00	4
(52) Europa	7.16e+19 (+7.96e+18 / -7.96e+18)	11 % / 11 %	Ephem	2007	M62	12	33.54	5
(52) Europa	1.65e+19 (+1.61e+18 / -1.61e+18)	10 % / 10 %	Deflec	2008	M72		31.25	6
(52) Europa	8.35e+19 (+2.19e+19 / -2.19e+19)	26 % / 26 %	Deflec	2008	M78	12	7.01	7
(52) Europa	3.43e+19 (+1.99e+18 / -1.99e+18)	6 % / 6 %	Ephem	2009	M80	2	19.56	8
(52) Europa	2.03e+19 (+2.03e+18 / -2.03e+18)	10 % / 10 %	Ephem	2009	M86		6.56	9
(52) Europa	8.41e+19 (+1.60e+19 / -1.60e+19)	19 % / 19 %	Ephem	2010	M93	12	13.41	10
(52) Europa	2.25e+19 (+9.57e+18 / -9.57e+18)	43 % / 43 %	Deflec	2010	M92		0.10	11
(52) Europa	2.27e+19 (+1.57e+18 / -1.57e+18)	7 % / 7 %	Deflec	2011	M95		3.18	12
(52) Europa	2.22e+19 (+1.67e+19 / -1.67e+19)	75 % / 75 %	Ephem	2011	M103		0.04	13
(52) Europa	2.84e+19 (+3.86e+18 / -3.86e+18)	14 % / 14 %	Deflec	2011	M97		0.56	14
(52) Europa	2.63e+19 (+3.29e+18 / -3.29e+18)	13 % / 13 %	Deflec	2011	M97		0.06	15
(52) Europa	2.78e+19 (+3.25e+18 / -3.25e+18)	12 % / 12 %	Deflec	2011	M97		0.50	16
(52) Europa	2.13e+19 (+4.90e+18 / -4.90e+18)	23 % / 23 %	Deflec	2011	M97		0.73	17
(52) Europa	1.79e+19 (+4.77e+18 / -4.77e+18)	27 % / 27 %	Ephem	2011	M100		2.54	18
(52) Europa	2.68e+19 (+5.97e+17 / -5.97e+17)	2 % / 2 %	OrbFitN	2014	M123		5.04	19
(52) Europa	2.88e+19 (+1.64e+18 / -1.64e+18)	6 % / 6 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	4.12	20
(52) Europa	5.03e+19 (+6.01e+18 / -6.01e+18)	12 % / 12 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	17.04	21
(52) Europa	3.06e+19 (+8.89e+18 / -8.89e+18)	29 % / 29 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.33	22
(52) Europa	4.89e+19 (+1.90e+19 / -1.90e+19)	39 % / 39 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.52	23
(52) Europa	3.04e+19 (+1.55e+18 / -1.55e+18)	5 % / 5 %	Deflec	2017	M125	3	10.08	24
(52) Europa	1.78e+19 (+2.02e+19 / -1.31e+19)	113 % / 74 %	Defl-MC	2017	M127	2	0.21	25
(52) Europa	1.55e+19 (+2.83e+18 / -2.83e+18)	18 % / 18 %	Ephem	2019	M126		12.44	26
(52) Europa	2.47e+19 (+4.08e+19 / -2.46e+19)	165 % / 100 %	Defl-MC	2020	M128	2	0.00	27

plot, average mass and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).
3: This estimate is an average of individual solutions listed before under the same reference (e.g. M125).
4: Values with asymmetric errors are currently just diplayed but disabled (unchecked) for the average calculation.

Defl-MC : Orbital deflection (close encounter) of one or several test asteroids (Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC). Deflec : Orbital deflection (close encounter) of one or several test asteroids (classical LSQ). Ephem : Planetary ephemeris solution. OrbFitN : Simultaneous multi-asteroid astrometric orbit solution (similar to 'Ephem').

EVM mass average M = (2.550 ± 0.814) × 10¹⁹ kg (ΔM/M = 32%, SNR = 3.1) Derived bulk density ρ = (1.59 ± 0.57) g/cm³ (Δρ/ρ = 36%, SNR = 2.8)

References

M26	(2001):	Michalak, G., 2001. Determination of asteroid masses. II. (6) Hebe, (10) Hygiea, (15) Eunomia, (52) Europa, (88) Thisbe, (444) Typtis, (511) Davida and (704) Interamnia. Astronomy and Astrophysics 374, 703–711.
M28	(2001):	Krasinsky, G.A., Pitjeva, E.V., Vasiliev, M.V., Yagudina, E.I., 2001. Estimating masses of asteroids, in: Communications of IAA of RAS.
M31	(2002):	Chernetenko, Y.A., Kochetova, O.M., 2002. Masses of some large minor planets, in: B. Warmbein (Ed.), Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors: ACM 2002, pp. 437–440.
M42	(2004):	Kochetova, O.M., 2004. Determination of Large Asteroid Masses by the Dynamical Method. Solar System Research 38, 66–75.
M62	(2007):	Aslan, Z., Gumerov, R., Hudkova, L., Ivantsov, A., Khamitov, I., Pinigin, G., 2007. Mass Determination of Small Solar System Bodies with Ground-based Observations, in: O. Demircan, S. O. Selam, & B. Albayrak (Ed.), Solar and Stellar Physics Through Eclipses, pp. 52–58.
M72	(2008):	Baer, J., Milani, A., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2008. An Observational Error Model, and Application to Asteroid Mass Determination, in: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, p. 493.
M78	(2008):	Ivantsov, A., 2008. Asteroid mass determination at Nikolaev Observatory. Planetary and Space Science 56, 1857–1861.
M80	(2009):	Fienga, A., Laskar, J., Morley, T., Manche, H., Kuchynka, P., Le Poncin-Lafitte, C., Budnik, F., Gastineau, M., Somenzi, L., 2009. INPOP08, a 4-D planetary ephemeris: from asteroid and time-scale computations to ESA Mars Express and Venus Express contributions. Astronomy and Astrophysics 507, 1675–1686.
M86	(2009):	Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., 2009. The planetary and lunar ephemeris de 421. IPN Progress Report 42, 1–34.
M92	(2010):	Somenzi, L., Fienga, A., Laskar, J., Kuchynka, P., 2010. Determination of asteroid masses from their close encounters with Mars. Planetary and Space Science 58, 858–863.
M93	(2010):	Fienga, A., Manche, H., Kuchynka, P., Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., 2010. INPOP10a. Scientific Notes.
M95	(2011):	Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2011. Astrometric Masses of 26 Asteroids and Observations on Asteroid Porosity. Astronomical Journal 141, 143–155.
M97	(2011):	Zielenbach, W., 2011. Mass Determination Studies of 104 Large Asteroids. Astronomical Journal 142, 120–128.
M100	(2011):	Fienga, A., Kuchynka, P., Laskar, J., Manche, H., Gastineau, M., 2011. Asteroid mass determinations with INPOP planetary ephemerides. EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 , 1879.
M103	(2011):	Konopliv, A.S., Asmar, S.W., Folkner, W.M., Karatekin, Ö., Nunes, D.C., Smrekar, S.E., Yoder, C.F., Zuber, M.T., 2011. Mars high resolution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical parameters. Icarus 211, 401–428.
M123	(2014):	Goffin, E., 2014. Astrometric asteroid masses: a simultaneous determination. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 565, id.A56, 8 pp.
M125	(2017):	Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., 2017. Simultaneous Mass Determination for Gravitationally Coupled Asteroids. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 154, Issue 2, article id. 76, 11 pp.
M126	(2019):	Fienga, A., et. al, 2019. INPOP19a planetary ephemeris. Notes Scientifiques et Techniques de l'Institut de mécanique céleste,
M127	(2017):	Siltala, L., Granvik, M., 2017. Asteroid mass estimation using Markov-chain Monte Carlo. Icarus 297 (November 2017), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.06.028
M128	(2020):	Siltala, L., Granvik, M., 2020. Asteroid mass estimation with the robust adaptive Metropolis algorithm. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 633, A46.

Size, Mass and Density of Asteroids (SiMDA)

Summary for : (52) Europa

Diameter estimates

Mass estimates