Summary for : (16) Psyche

DynT.TT.BT T.L B T.DDensity (g/cm^3)Δρ/ρDiameter (km)ΔD/DMass (kg)ΔM/MRefAvg.M
MBAMX- | -Xk3.81 ± 1.07   (C)28 %226.2 ± 10.04.4 %2.31e+19 ± 5.70e+1825 %SEVM
MBAMX- | -Xk3.93 ± 2.81   (D)72 %228.7 ± 6.42.8 %2.46e+19 ± 1.75e+1971 %Sw.avg
MBAXk3.38 ± 1.16   (C)34 %248.5 ± 17.16.9 %2.72e+19 ± 7.50e+1828 %C?

Average asteroid densities (g/cm^3):
C = 1.3 ± 0.6, B = 2.4 ± 0.5, S = 2.7 ± 0.5, M = 3.5 ± 1.0, P = 2.8 ± 1.6, X = 1.9 ± 0.8, Xc = 4.9 ± 0.9, Xk = 4.2 ± 0.7 (Ref)

Object is a Gaia target for mass determination !

Additional resources:
3D Model | JPL New Horizons | Minor Planet Center | Wikipedia (these auto-generated links might not work)

Note: The density estimates have been ranked from (A) to (E), corresponding to the relative error: (B) less than 20%, (C) between 20 and 50%, (D) between 50 and 100%, and (E) more than 100%. (A) stands for (presumably) reliable estimates (accuracy better than 20%), based on more than 5 mass estimates and 5 diameter estimates, or a spacecraft encounter. Apparently unrealistic densities (ρ > 8) are tagged with (X).

EVM: average by using the Expected Value Method (Ref). w.avg: weighted average (with w = 1/err^2).

T.T: Tholen Tax Class. T.B: Bus & Binzel Tax Class. T T.L: S3OS2 Lazarro (Tholen) Tax Class. T.L B: S3OS2 Lazarro (Bus & Binzel) Tax Class. T.D: DeMeo Tax Class.

Ref: S = SiMDA, C = Carry (2012)

Diameter estimates

DesignationDiameter / Err (km)ΔD/DMethodYearRefNχ2Use
(16) Psyche253.16 ± 4.001.6 % STM2004D932 45.54 1
(16) Psyche262.79 ± 4.091.6 % Img-TE2008D482 80.18 2
(16) Psyche222.58 ± 5.582.5 % STM2010D64 0.41 3
(16) Psyche269.69 ± 11.504.3 % NEATM2010D642 14.32 4
(16) Psyche225.00 ± 20.008.9 % MDM:LO2011D782 0.00 5
(16) Psyche225.00 ± 36.0016.0 % MDM:LO2011D782 0.00 6
(16) Psyche207.22 ± 2.981.4 % STM2011D8312 40.42 7
(16) Psyche225.00 ± 4.001.8 % ADAM2017D100 0.09 8
(16) Psyche226.00 ± 23.0010.2 % MDM:RIO2017D1122 0.00 9
(16) Psyche223.00 ± 4.502.0 % Img-TE2018D113 0.50 10
(16) Psyche226.00 ± 5.002.2 % ADAM2018D114 0.00 11
(16) Psyche224.00 ± 5.002.2 % ADAM2020D115 0.19 12
(16) Psyche222.00 ± 4.001.8 % MPCD2020D115 1.08 13

plot, average diameter and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).

ADAM : All-Data Asteroid Modeling. Img-TE : Triaxial ellipsoid model from images. MDM:LO : Multi-Data Modeling: Lightcurves + Occultations. MDM:RIO : Multi-Data Modeling: Radar + Imaging + Occultations. MPCD : Multi-resolution PhotoClinometry by Deformation. NEATM : Near-Earth Asteroid Thermal Model. STM : Standard Thermal Model.


EVM diam. average D = (226.2 ± 9.96) km   (ΔD/D = 4%, SNR = 22.70) Derived bulk density ρ = (3.81 ± 1.07) g/cm3   (Δρ/ρ = 28%, SNR = 3.6)


References
D48(2008):Drummond, J.D., Christou, J.C., 2008. Triaxial ellipsoid dimensions and rotational poles of seven asteroids from Lick Observatory adaptive optics images, and of Ceres. Icarus 197, 480–496.
D64(2010):Ryan, E.L., Woodward, C.E., 2010. Rectified Asteroid Albedos and Diameters from IRAS and MSX Photometry Catalogs. Astronomical Journal 140, 933–943.
D78(2011):Ďurech, J., Kaasalainen, M., Herald, D., Dunham, D., Timerson, B., Hanuš, J., Frappa, E., Talbot, J., Hayamizu, T., Warner, B.D., Pilcher, F., Galád, A., 2011. Combining asteroid models derived by lightcurve inversion with asteroidal occultation silhouettes. Icarus 214, 652–670.
D83(2011):Usui, F., Kuroda, D., Müller, T.G., Hasegawa, S., Ishiguro, M., Ootsubo, T., Ishihara, D., Kataza, H., Takita, S., Oyabu, S., Ueno, M., Matsuhara, H., Onaka, T., 2011. Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63, 1117–1138.
D93(2004):Tedesco, E.F., Noah, P.V., Noah, M.C., Price, S.D., 2004. IRAS Minor Planet Survey. NASA Planetary Data System. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0.
D100(2017):Hanuš, J., Viikinkoski, M., Marchis, F., et al., 2017. Volumes and bulk densities of forty asteroids from ADAM shape modeling. Astronomy and Astrophysics 601, A114 (2017). DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629956
D112(2017):Shepard, M. K., Richardson, J., Taylor, P. A., et al. (2017). Radar observations and shape model of asteroid 16 Psyche. Icarus, Volume 281, p. 388-403. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.08.011
D113(2018):Drummond, J. D., Merline, W. J., Carry, B., et al. (2018). The triaxial ellipsoid size, density, and rotational pole of asteroid (16) Psyche from Keck and Gemini AO observations 2004-2015. Icarus, Volume 305, p. 174-185. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.01.010
D114(2018):Viikinkoski, M., Vernazza, P., Hanuš, J., et al. (2018). (16) Psyche: A mesosiderite-like asteroid? Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 619, id.L3, 10 pp. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834091
D115(2020):Ferrais, M.; Vernazza, P.; Jorda, L.; et al. (2020). Asteroid (16) Psyche's primordial shape: A possible Jacobi ellipsoid. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 638, id.L15, 9 pp. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038100

Mass estimates

DesignationMass / Err (kg)ΔM/MMethodYearRefNχ2Use
(16) Psyche2.53e+20 (+3.58e+19 / -3.58e+19)14 % / 14 %Deflec 1999M181241.24 1
(16) Psyche1.73e+19 (+5.17e+18 / -5.17e+18)30 % / 30 %Deflec 2000M201.26 2
(16) Psyche4.97e+19 (+1.99e+18 / -1.99e+18)4 % / 4 %Deflec 2001M282178.78 3
(16) Psyche6.72e+19 (+5.57e+18 / -5.57e+18)8 % / 8 %Deflec 2002M301262.71 4
(16) Psyche2.67e+19 (+4.38e+18 / -4.38e+18)16 % / 16 %Deflec 2004M420.68 5
(16) Psyche4.97e+19 (+3.98e+18 / -3.98e+18)8 % / 8 %Deflec 2005M119244.69 6
(16) Psyche2.19e+19 (+7.96e+17 / -7.96e+17)4 % / 4 %Deflec 2008M722.24 7
(16) Psyche7.96e+19 (+2.78e+19 / -2.78e+19)35 % / 35 %Deflec 2008M78124.13 8
(16) Psyche3.17e+19 (+6.37e+17 / -6.37e+17)2 % / 2 %Ephem 2009M802182.60 9
(16) Psyche3.35e+19 (+3.35e+18 / -3.35e+18)10 % / 10 %Ephem 2009M8629.65 10
(16) Psyche2.23e+19 (+1.03e+19 / -1.03e+19)46 % / 46 %Ephem 2010M930.01 11
(16) Psyche4.59e+19 (+1.93e+19 / -1.93e+19)42 % / 42 %Deflec 2010M9221.40 12
(16) Psyche2.27e+19 (+8.35e+17 / -8.35e+17)4 % / 4 %Deflec 2011M950.22 13
(16) Psyche2.47e+19 (+6.84e+18 / -6.84e+18)28 % / 28 %Ephem 2011M1030.06 14
(16) Psyche2.35e+19 (+3.94e+18 / -3.94e+18)17 % / 17 %Deflec 2011M970.01 15
(16) Psyche2.46e+19 (+1.62e+18 / -1.62e+18)7 % / 7 %Deflec 2011M970.87 16
(16) Psyche2.44e+19 (+1.61e+18 / -1.61e+18)7 % / 7 %Deflec 2011M970.66 17
(16) Psyche2.02e+19 (+4.34e+18 / -4.34e+18)21 % / 21 %Deflec 2011M970.44 18
(16) Psyche2.51e+19 (+3.64e+18 / -3.64e+18)15 % / 15 %Ephem 2011M1000.30 19
(16) Psyche2.33e+19 (+3.98e+17 / -3.98e+17)2 % / 2 %OrbFitN 2014M1230.20 20
(16) Psyche2.31e+19 (+6.58e+17 / -6.58e+17)3 % / 3 %Deflec 2017M12520.00 21
(16) Psyche2.33e+19 (+2.60e+18 / -2.60e+18)11 % / 11 %Deflec 2017M12520.00 22
(16) Psyche2.19e+19 (+3.64e+18 / -3.64e+18)17 % / 17 %Deflec 2017M12520.11 23
(16) Psyche1.69e+19 (+4.41e+18 / -4.41e+18)26 % / 26 %Deflec 2017M12521.95 24
(16) Psyche1.70e+19 (+5.21e+18 / -5.21e+18)31 % / 31 %Deflec 2017M12521.38 25
(16) Psyche2.23e+19 (+7.22e+18 / -7.22e+18)32 % / 32 %Deflec 2017M12520.01 26
(16) Psyche1.61e+19 (+5.51e+18 / -5.51e+18)34 % / 34 %Deflec 2017M12521.62 27
(16) Psyche2.39e+19 (+1.11e+19 / -1.11e+19)47 % / 47 %Deflec 2017M12520.00 28
(16) Psyche2.29e+19 (+6.10e+17 / -6.10e+17)3 % / 3 %Deflec 2017M12530.13 29
(16) Psyche2.08e+19 (+2.18e+18 / -2.18e+18)11 % / 11 %Ephem 2019M1261.14 30
(16) Psyche1.56e+19 (+6.90e+18 / -6.94e+18)44 % / 44 %Defl-MC 2020M12821.17 31
(16) Psyche1.48e+19 (+5.51e+18 / -5.51e+18)37 % / 37 %Defl-MC 2020M12822.26 32
(16) Psyche1.93e+19 (+2.90e+18 / -2.90e+18)15 % / 15 %Defl-MC 2020M1361.71 33

plot, average mass and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).
3: This estimate is an average of individual solutions listed before under the same reference (e.g. M125).
4: Values with asymmetric errors are currently just diplayed but disabled (unchecked) for the average calculation.

Defl-MC : Orbital deflection (close encounter) of one or several test asteroids (Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC). Deflec : Orbital deflection (close encounter) of one or several test asteroids (classical LSQ). Ephem : Planetary ephemeris solution. OrbFitN : Simultaneous multi-asteroid astrometric orbit solution (similar to 'Ephem').


EVM mass average M = (2.309 ± 0.570) × 1019 kg   (ΔM/M = 25%, SNR = 4.1) Derived bulk density ρ = (3.81 ± 1.07) g/cm3   (Δρ/ρ = 28%, SNR = 3.6)


References
M18(1999):Vasiliev, M.V., Yagudina, E.I., 1999. Determination of masses for 26 selected minor planets from analysis of observations their mutual encounters with asteroids of lesser mass, in: Communications of IAA of RAS.
M20(2000):Viateau, B., 2000. Mass and density of asteroids (16) Psyche and (121) Hermione. Astronomy and Astrophysics 354, 725–731.
M28(2001):Krasinsky, G.A., Pitjeva, E.V., Vasiliev, M.V., Yagudina, E.I., 2001. Estimating masses of asteroids, in: Communications of IAA of RAS.
M30(2002):Kuzmanoski, M., Kovačević, A., 2002. Motion of the asteroid (13206) 1997GC22 and the mass of (16) Psyche. Astronomy and Astrophysics 395, L17–L19.
M42(2004):Kochetova, O.M., 2004. Determination of Large Asteroid Masses by the Dynamical Method. Solar System Research 38, 66–75.
M72(2008):Baer, J., Milani, A., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2008. An Observational Error Model, and Application to Asteroid Mass Determination, in: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, p. 493.
M78(2008):Ivantsov, A., 2008. Asteroid mass determination at Nikolaev Observatory. Planetary and Space Science 56, 1857–1861.
M80(2009):Fienga, A., Laskar, J., Morley, T., Manche, H., Kuchynka, P., Le Poncin-Lafitte, C., Budnik, F., Gastineau, M., Somenzi, L., 2009. INPOP08, a 4-D planetary ephemeris: from asteroid and time-scale computations to ESA Mars Express and Venus Express contributions. Astronomy and Astrophysics 507, 1675–1686.
M86(2009):Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., 2009. The planetary and lunar ephemeris de 421. IPN Progress Report 42, 1–34.
M92(2010):Somenzi, L., Fienga, A., Laskar, J., Kuchynka, P., 2010. Determination of asteroid masses from their close encounters with Mars. Planetary and Space Science 58, 858–863.
M93(2010):Fienga, A., Manche, H., Kuchynka, P., Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., 2010. INPOP10a. Scientific Notes.
M95(2011):Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2011. Astrometric Masses of 26 Asteroids and Observations on Asteroid Porosity. Astronomical Journal 141, 143–155.
M97(2011):Zielenbach, W., 2011. Mass Determination Studies of 104 Large Asteroids. Astronomical Journal 142, 120–128.
M100(2011):Fienga, A., Kuchynka, P., Laskar, J., Manche, H., Gastineau, M., 2011. Asteroid mass determinations with INPOP planetary ephemerides. EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 , 1879.
M103(2011):Konopliv, A.S., Asmar, S.W., Folkner, W.M., Karatekin, Ö., Nunes, D.C., Smrekar, S.E., Yoder, C.F., Zuber, M.T., 2011. Mars high resolution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical parameters. Icarus 211, 401–428.
M119(2005):Kretlow, M., 2005. https://astro.kretlow.de .
M123(2014):Goffin, E., 2014. Astrometric asteroid masses: a simultaneous determination. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 565, id.A56, 8 pp.
M125(2017):Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., 2017. Simultaneous Mass Determination for Gravitationally Coupled Asteroids. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 154, Issue 2, article id. 76, 11 pp.
M126(2019):Fienga, A., et. al, 2019. INPOP19a planetary ephemeris. Notes Scientifiques et Techniques de l'Institut de mécanique céleste,
M128(2020):Siltala, L., Granvik, M., 2020. Asteroid mass estimation with the robust adaptive Metropolis algorithm. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 633, A46.
M136(2020):Siltala, L. and Granvik, M.: New estimates of the mass and density of asteroid (16) Psyche, Europlanet Science Congress 2020, online, 21 September–9 Oct 2020, EPSC2020-752, 2020