SiMDA»Main

Summary for : (4) Vesta

Dyn	T.T	T.B	T T.L B	T.D	Density (g/cm^3)	Δρ/ρ	Diameter (km)	ΔD/D	Mass (kg)	ΔM/M	Ref	Avg.M
MBA	V	V	- \| -	V	3.45 ± 0.12 (A)	3 %	523.5 ± 5.8	1.1 %	2.59e+20 ± 2.72e+18	1 %	S	EVM
MBA	V	V	- \| -	V	3.41 ± 0.47 (A)	14 %	525.4 ± 20.7	3.9 %	2.59e+20 ± 1.82e+19	7 %	S	w.avg
MBA	V				3.58 ± 0.15 (A)	4 %	519.3 ± 6.8	1.3 %	2.63e+20 ± 5.00e+18	2 %	C	?

Average asteroid densities (g/cm^3):
C = 1.3 ± 0.6, B = 2.4 ± 0.5, S = 2.7 ± 0.5, M = 3.5 ± 1.0, P = 2.8 ± 1.6, X = 1.9 ± 0.8, Xc = 4.9 ± 0.9, Xk = 4.2 ± 0.7 (Ref)

Object is a Gaia target for mass determination !

Additional resources:

3D Model | JPL New Horizons | Minor Planet Center | Wikipedia (these auto-generated links might not work)

Note: The density estimates have been ranked from (A) to (E), corresponding to the relative error: (B) less than 20%, (C) between 20 and 50%, (D) between 50 and 100%, and (E) more than 100%. (A) stands for (presumably) reliable estimates (accuracy better than 20%), based on more than 5 mass estimates and 5 diameter estimates, or a spacecraft encounter. Apparently unrealistic densities (ρ > 8) are tagged with (X).

EVM: average by using the Expected Value Method (Ref). w.avg: weighted average (with w = 1/err^2).

T.T: Tholen Tax Class. T.B: Bus & Binzel Tax Class. T T.L: S3OS2 Lazarro (Tholen) Tax Class. T.L B: S3OS2 Lazarro (Bus & Binzel) Tax Class. T.D: DeMeo Tax Class.

Ref: S = SiMDA, C = Carry (2012)

Diameter estimates

Designation	Diameter / Err (km)	ΔD/D	Method	Year	Ref	N	χ²	Use
(4) Vesta	530.00 ± 10.00	1.9 %	Img-TE	1997	D2	2	0.42	1
(4) Vesta	468.29 ± 26.70	5.7 %	STM	2004	D93	12	4.27	2
(4) Vesta	510.29 ± 5.80	1.1 %	Img-TE	2008	D48	2	5.18	3
(4) Vesta	520.37 ± 6.84	1.3 %	STM	2010	D64	2	0.21	4
(4) Vesta	515.86 ± 19.25	3.7 %	NEATM	2010	D64	2	0.16	5
(4) Vesta	521.73 ± 7.50	1.4 %	STM	2011	D83	2	0.06	6
(4) Vesta	525.40 ± 0.20	0.0 %	FlyBy	2012	D108		90.77	7

plot, average diameter and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average diameter (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).

FlyBy : Images from spacecraft encounter. Img-TE : Triaxial ellipsoid model from images. NEATM : Near-Earth Asteroid Thermal Model. STM : Standard Thermal Model.

EVM diam. average D = (523.5 ± 5.75) km (ΔD/D = 1%, SNR = 91.02) Derived bulk density ρ = (3.45 ± 0.12) g/cm³ (Δρ/ρ = 3%, SNR = 28.9)

References

D2	(1997):	Thomas, P.C., Binzel, R.P., Gaffey, M.J., Zellner, B.H., Storrs, A.D., Wells, E.N., 1997. Vesta: Spin Pole, Size, and Shape from HST Images. Icarus 128, 88–94.
D48	(2008):	Drummond, J.D., Christou, J.C., 2008. Triaxial ellipsoid dimensions and rotational poles of seven asteroids from Lick Observatory adaptive optics images, and of Ceres. Icarus 197, 480–496.
D64	(2010):	Ryan, E.L., Woodward, C.E., 2010. Rectified Asteroid Albedos and Diameters from IRAS and MSX Photometry Catalogs. Astronomical Journal 140, 933–943.
D83	(2011):	Usui, F., Kuroda, D., Müller, T.G., Hasegawa, S., Ishiguro, M., Ootsubo, T., Ishihara, D., Kataza, H., Takita, S., Oyabu, S., Ueno, M., Matsuhara, H., Onaka, T., 2011. Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63, 1117–1138.
D93	(2004):	Tedesco, E.F., Noah, P.V., Noah, M.C., Price, S.D., 2004. IRAS Minor Planet Survey. NASA Planetary Data System. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0.
D108	(2012):	Russell, C.T., Raymond, C.A., Coradini, A., et al., 2012. Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm. Science 11 May 2012, Vol. 336, Issue 6082, pp. 684-686. DOI: 10.1126/science.1219381 [NOTE: the authors give a density of 3.456 ± 0.035 g/cm^3, derived from a corrected volume of 74.970 × 10^6 km^3 by adding HST observations to the Dawn data (unmapped northern polar region)]

Mass estimates

Designation	Mass / Err (kg)	ΔM/M	Method	Year	Ref	N	χ²	Use
(4) Vesta	2.39e+20 ± 1.60e+19	7 %	Deflec	1968	M109	2	1.64	1
(4) Vesta	2.98e+20 ± 6.00e+19	20 %	FlyBy	1989	M116	2	0.41	2
(4) Vesta	2.78e+20 ± 8.55e+18	3 %	Deflec	1995	M6	2	4.69	3
(4) Vesta	3.36e+20 ± 9.94e+18	3 %	Deflec	1999	M17	12	59.26	4
(4) Vesta	2.70e+20 ± 9.94e+18	4 %	Deflec	2000	M21	2	1.12	5
(4) Vesta	2.60e+20 ± 3.18e+18	1 %	Deflec	2001	M24	2	0.03	6
(4) Vesta	2.67e+20 ± 2.98e+18	1 %	Deflec	2001	M29	2	6.37	7
(4) Vesta	2.70e+20 ± 1.99e+18	1 %	Deflec	2001	M25	2	27.95	8
(4) Vesta	2.74e+20 ± 5.97e+18	2 %	Deflec	2002	M33	2	5.92	9
(4) Vesta	2.70e+20 ± 3.98e+18	1 %	Deflec	2004	M39	2	6.99	10
(4) Vesta	2.67e+20 ± 1.99e+17	0 %	Deflec	2005	M49	2	1427.97	11
(4) Vesta	2.57e+20 ± 1.59e+19	6 %	Deflec	2005	M43	2	0.02	12
(4) Vesta	2.61e+20 ± 3.98e+18	2 %	Deflec	2005	M43	2	0.15	13
(4) Vesta	2.23e+20 ± 9.94e+18	4 %	Deflec	2005	M43	12	13.47	14
(4) Vesta	2.23e+20 ± 3.38e+19	15 %	Deflec	2005	M43	12	1.16	15
(4) Vesta	2.70e+20 ± 3.18e+18	1 %	Deflec	2006	M56	2	10.94	16
(4) Vesta	2.62e+20 ± 5.97e+17	0 %	Deflec	2008	M72	2	17.82	17
(4) Vesta	2.68e+20 ± 5.97e+17	0 %	Ephem	2008	M70	2	203.67	18
(4) Vesta	2.64e+20 ± 2.64e+19	10 %	Ephem	2009	M86	2	0.03	19
(4) Vesta	2.65e+20 ± 3.35e+18	1 %	Ephem	2010	M93	2	2.72	20
(4) Vesta	2.58e+20 ± 1.99e+17	0 %	Deflec	2010	M89	2	55.32	21
(4) Vesta	2.59e+20 ± 1.05e+18	0 %	Deflec	2011	M95	2	0.21	22
(4) Vesta	2.61e+20 ± 4.10e+18	2 %	Ephem	2011	M103	2	0.14	23
(4) Vesta	2.65e+20 ± 3.00e+18	1 %	Ephem	2011	M103	2	3.39	24
(4) Vesta	2.61e+20 ± 4.10e+18	2 %	Deflec	2011	M97	2	0.14	25
(4) Vesta	2.59e+20 ± 1.41e+18	1 %	Deflec	2011	M97	2	0.12	26
(4) Vesta	2.59e+20 ± 1.41e+18	1 %	Deflec	2011	M97	2	0.12	27
(4) Vesta	2.65e+20 ± 2.16e+18	1 %	Deflec	2011	M97	2	6.53	28
(4) Vesta	2.59e+20 ± 1.19e+18	0 %	Ephem	2011	M100	2	0.16	29
(4) Vesta	2.59e+20 ± 1.00e+15	0 %	FlyBy	2012	M133		163297.86	30
(4) Vesta	2.58e+20 ± 3.98e+17	0 %	OrbFitN	2014	M123	2	6.06	31
(4) Vesta	2.64e+20 ± 5.09e+17	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	97.26	32
(4) Vesta	2.60e+20 ± 2.76e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.14	33
(4) Vesta	2.58e+20 ± 2.80e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.12	34
(4) Vesta	2.58e+20 ± 3.02e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.11	35
(4) Vesta	2.58e+20 ± 3.18e+18	1 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.09	36
(4) Vesta	2.60e+20 ± 4.02e+18	2 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.06	37
(4) Vesta	2.52e+20 ± 5.07e+18	2 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.90	38
(4) Vesta	2.52e+20 ± 7.68e+18	3 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.83	39
(4) Vesta	2.50e+20 ± 9.47e+18	4 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.90	40
(4) Vesta	2.76e+20 ± 1.06e+19	4 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	2.55	41
(4) Vesta	2.47e+20 ± 9.82e+18	4 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.72	42
(4) Vesta	2.72e+20 ± 1.13e+19	4 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.31	43
(4) Vesta	2.62e+20 ± 1.15e+19	4 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	0.07	44
(4) Vesta	2.72e+20 ± 1.24e+19	5 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.09	45
(4) Vesta	2.45e+20 ± 1.14e+19	5 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.70	46
(4) Vesta	2.21e+20 ± 1.02e+19	5 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	14.45	47
(4) Vesta	2.27e+20 ± 1.09e+19	5 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	9.04	48
(4) Vesta	2.94e+20 ± 1.53e+19	5 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	5.18	49
(4) Vesta	2.78e+20 ± 1.49e+19	5 %	Deflec	2017	M125	2	1.61	50
(4) Vesta	2.63e+20 ± 4.69e+17	0 %	Deflec	2017	M125	3	53.17	51
(4) Vesta	2.59e+20 ± 6.31e+17	0 %	Ephem	2019	M126	2	0.58	52

plot, average mass and derived density

All

Notes (N):
1: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in Carry (2012).
2: This estimate is discarded for the average mass (and derived density) calculation in SiMDA (catalog).
3: This estimate is an average of individual solutions listed before under the same reference (e.g. M125).

Deflec : Orbital deflection (close encounter) of one or several test asteroids (classical LSQ). Ephem : Planetary ephemeris solution. FlyBy : Spacecraft radio experiment (ranging etc. from flyby, orbiter or lander). OrbFitN : Simultaneous multi-asteroid astrometric orbit solution (similar to 'Ephem').

EVM mass average M = (2.595 ± 0.027) × 10²⁰ kg (ΔM/M = 1%, SNR = 95.4) Derived bulk density ρ = (3.45 ± 0.12) g/cm³ (Δρ/ρ = 3%, SNR = 28.9)

References

M6	(1995):	Sitarski, G., Todorovic-Juchniewicz, B., 1995. Determination of Masses of Ceres and Vesta from Their Perturbations on Four Asteroids. Acta Astronomica 45, 673–677.
M17	(1999):	Hilton, J.L., 1999. US Naval Observatory Ephemerides of the Largest Asteroids. Astronomical Journal 117, 1077–1086.
M21	(2000):	Michalak, G., 2000. Determination of asteroid masses — I. (1) Ceres, (2) Pallas and (4) Vesta. Astronomy and Astrophysics 360, 363–374.
M24	(2001):	Viateau, B., Rapaport, M., 2001. Mass and density of asteroids (4) Vesta and (11) Parthenope. Astronomy and Astrophysics 370, 602–609.
M25	(2001):	Pitjeva, E.V., 2001. Progress in the determination of some astronomical constants from radiometric observations of planets and spacecraft. Astronomy and Astrophysics 371, 760–765.
M29	(2001):	Standish, E.M., 2001. Suggested GM values for Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta. Technical Report. JPL Interoffice Memorandum.
M33	(2002):	Konopliv, A.S., Miller, J.K., Owen, W.M., Yeomans, D.K., Giorgini, J.D., Garmier, R., Barriot, J.P., 2002. A Global Solution for the Gravity Field, Rotation, Landmarks, and Ephemeris of Eros. Icarus 160, 289–299.
M39	(2004):	Pitjeva, E.V., 2004. Estimations of masses of the largest asteroids and the main asteroid belt from ranging to planets, Mars orbiters and landers, in: J.-P. Paillé (Ed.), 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, p. 2014.
M43	(2005):	Kovačević, A., 2005. Determination of the mass of (4) Vesta based on new close approaches. Astronomy and Astrophysics 430, 319–325.
M49	(2005):	Pitjeva, E.V., 2005. High-Precision Ephemerides of Planets - EPM and Determination of Some Astronomical Constants. Solar System Research 39, 176–186.
M56	(2006):	Konopliv, A.S., Yoder, C.F., Standish, E.M., Yuan, D.N., Sjogren, W.L., 2006. A global solution for the Mars static and seasonal gravity, Mars orientation, Phobos and Deimos masses, and Mars ephemeris. Icarus 182, 23–50.
M70	(2008):	Fienga, A., Manche, H., Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., 2008. INPOP06: a new numerical planetary ephemeris. Astronomy and Astrophysics 477, 315–327.
M72	(2008):	Baer, J., Milani, A., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2008. An Observational Error Model, and Application to Asteroid Mass Determination, in: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, p. 493.
M86	(2009):	Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., 2009. The planetary and lunar ephemeris de 421. IPN Progress Report 42, 1–34.
M89	(2010):	Kuzmanoski, M., Apostolovska, G., Novaković, B., 2010. The Mass of (4) Vesta Derived from its Largest Gravitational Effects. Astronomical Journal 140, 880–886.
M93	(2010):	Fienga, A., Manche, H., Kuchynka, P., Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., 2010. INPOP10a. Scientific Notes.
M95	(2011):	Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., Matson, R.D., 2011. Astrometric Masses of 26 Asteroids and Observations on Asteroid Porosity. Astronomical Journal 141, 143–155.
M97	(2011):	Zielenbach, W., 2011. Mass Determination Studies of 104 Large Asteroids. Astronomical Journal 142, 120–128.
M100	(2011):	Fienga, A., Kuchynka, P., Laskar, J., Manche, H., Gastineau, M., 2011. Asteroid mass determinations with INPOP planetary ephemerides. EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 , 1879.
M103	(2011):	Konopliv, A.S., Asmar, S.W., Folkner, W.M., Karatekin, Ö., Nunes, D.C., Smrekar, S.E., Yoder, C.F., Zuber, M.T., 2011. Mars high resolution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical parameters. Icarus 211, 401–428.
M109	(1968):	Hertz, H. G., 1966. Mass of Vesta. Science, Volume 160, Issue 3825, pp. 299-300
M116	(1989):	Standish, E. M., Hellings, R. W., 1989. A determination of the masses of Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta from their perturbations upon the orbit of Mars. Icarus, Volume 80, Issue 2, p. 326-333.
M123	(2014):	Goffin, E., 2014. Astrometric asteroid masses: a simultaneous determination. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 565, id.A56, 8 pp.
M125	(2017):	Baer, J., Chesley, S.R., 2017. Simultaneous Mass Determination for Gravitationally Coupled Asteroids. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 154, Issue 2, article id. 76, 11 pp.
M126	(2019):	Fienga, A., et. al, 2019. INPOP19a planetary ephemeris. Notes Scientifiques et Techniques de l'Institut de mécanique céleste,
M133	(2012):	Russell, C.T., Raymond, C.A., Coradini, A., et al., 2012. Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm. Science 11 May 2012, Vol. 336, Issue 6082, pp. 684-686. DOI: 10.1126/science.1219381 [NOTE: the authors give a density of 3.456 ± 0.035 g/cm^3, derived from a corrected volume of 74.970 × 10^6 km^3 by adding HST observations to the Dawn data (unmapped northern polar region)]

Size, Mass and Density of Asteroids (SiMDA)

Summary for : (4) Vesta

Diameter estimates

Mass estimates